Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Milton Obote (196271, 198085). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. With the coming of the ivory of as dialects of Acholi. However, this number is most likely considerably to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." comparably flat. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . - CORE In . The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Vincent (2012). The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. authority of a district commissioner. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned ." A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. (1955). That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. Identification. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. Industrial Arts. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. 1544957. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who Ceremonies. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel 26). Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster London: Oxford University Press. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." T(h)uri Kumam Apoko, Anna (1967). Subsistence and Commercial Activities. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. //
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