1. Jehovahs Witnesses are wrong because Jesus is God. They claim this "doctrine developed gradually over several centuries and through many controversies." Learn Religions, Feb. 8, 2021, learnreligions.com/jehovahs-witnesses-beliefs-700792. Three points in particular make the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures worthy to include in your studies. As previously mentioned, Jehovahs Witnesses view Jesus as a lesser god. The Holy Spirit is not seen as God either as Jehovahs Witnesses teach the Holy Spirit is just a force.. Her favorite things to do are spending time with her family and friends, reading, and spending time outside. [181] Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed. (Acts 10:34, 35; James 2:4) Our unity allows for personal choice, though. This is an erroneous view of salvation because salvation is only by placing faith in Jesus by believing that He died for your sins, was buried, and rose again (John 3:16-17: 1 Corinthians 15:1-4). There are many false teachings and false doctrines that the Jehovah's Witnesses have been taught to believe about God, the Trinity doctrine, Jesus, the Holy Spirit, and the Gospel. [83] Being respectful of the principle of free will, he does not force his sovereignty on people, choosing to save only those who want to serve him, even though the course of mankind in general may lead them to harm. [74] They believe that the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) contain prophecy that was fulfilled in Jesus Christ,[75] and that the books of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament) are primarily directed to the 144,000 chosen by God for life in heaven. Jehovah's Witnesses are a people of faith that many of us likely don't know that much about. [1] They have their own literature including a Bible and Watchtower Magazine. [204] Watch Tower Society literature says apostates are motivated by vitriolic bitterness and that their writings are poisonous, distorted and false, display the characteristics of "cunning, contrived error, prideful intelligence, lack of love and dishonesty" and are designed to undermine the faith of Jehovah's Witnesses. [203] It is grounds for expulsion from the group and subsequent shunning. Jehovah's Witnesses are strictly non-violent and refuse participation in warfare. Copyright 2023 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Find out more directly from the source. "Some treatments conflict with Bible principles, though, and we reject these. JWs claim that Jesus was not divine and that the Holy Spirit is an " active force " and not a person. The Jehovah's Witness Organization is the prophet of God. Therefore, the Holy Spirit is not just an impersonal force as the Jehovahs Witnesses believe. Jesus acts as the mediator of a "new covenant"[96] referred to in Jeremiah 31:31, Luke 22:20, and Hebrews 9:15; 12:24, mediating between the parties of that covenant (God and the "144,000"). [189] At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. We are organized into congregations, each of which is overseen by a body of elders. The Meaning of Angel Numbers: Are They Biblical or Demonic? b Wicked angels have been cast out of heaven, although they continue to exist in the spirit realm.Revelation 12:7-9. Rather, unbelievers spend eternity separated from God in hell and later in the lake of fire (Revelation 20:15). This article summarizes our basic beliefs. [77] The Holy Spirit is described as God's "active force", rather than the third part of the Trinity. Congregations . Here are 10 facts about this group which branched off from orthodox Christianity in the late 1800's. We answer the questions of how they started, what their core beliefs are, and how many people ascribe to this faith in the world today. Beliefs and Practices . The Jehovah's Witnesses believe that there are 144,000 individuals whom God has chosen to be resurrected as "spirit creatures" or angelic beings and who will reign in heaven as the "kingdom of God" in the age to come while all other Jehovah's Witnesses will live on a paradise earth: Repent of your sins, believe in Jesus Christ's death and resurrection to save you . (John 13:34, 35) We avoid practices that displease God, including the misuse of blood by taking blood transfusions. They believe that Jesus, as St. Michael the archangel, was God's first . (John 8:44) This angel, who after his rebellion was called Satan and Devil, persuaded the first human couple to join him, and the consequences have been disastrous for their descendants. Satan persuaded Adam and Eve to obey him rather than God, raising the issueoften referred to as a "controversy"of whether people, having been granted free will, would obey God under both temptation and persecution. They deny that are about things in 2003, all of recreation or easter. [51] Watch Tower Society publications urge Witnesses to demonstrate loyalty to the organization without dissent,[52][53] even at the cost of family ties. [76] The Watch Tower Society's New World Translation of the Holy Scripturesthe main translation used by Jehovah's Witnessesrenders the name of God as Jehovah, rather than .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}God or LORD as found in English translations such as the King James Version. They teach that Jesus was created by God and not coexistent wth Him. Great pains are taken to keep records of the number of visits, return calls, Bible classes, and books and magazines distributed. What Are Familiar Spirits and What Does the Bible Warn about Them? Help them understand the truth of the Bible and how the Jehovahs Witnesses' beliefs do not align with the truth of Gods Word. [32][33][34] Robert Crompton, author of a book on Watch Tower eschatology, has noted that it is difficult to trace the development of doctrines, because explicit changes are often not identified in Jehovah's Witness literature, leaving readers to assume which details have been superseded. The Witnesses distrust of contemporary institutions extends to other religious denominations, from which they remain separate. Christians and Jehovah's Witnesses also differ in their beliefs about the Bible. They don't believe in serving in politics or in the military, mainly as another way for them to distance themselves from the culture. Does the Bible Mention What to Give Up for Lent? Yet again, this is another wrong belief being taught by Jehovahs Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses hold services on Sunday and twice during the week, in a Kingdom Hall, an unadorned building. Well-wishes made on a person's birthday were historically meant to ward off evil spirits that are non-canonical to the Witnesses' theology; secondarily, they . The instead believe the Holy Spirit is a force applied by God. We do not venerate the cross or any other images. [46] Witnesses teach that people must choose between God's organization and Satan's. [23], Jehovah's Witnesses are directed to welcome doctrinal changes, regarding such "adjustments" as "new light" or "new understanding" from God. [105][106] They believe that demons were originally angels who rebelled against God and took Satan's side in the controversy. The BBC reports that Witnesses believe the end times began in 1914. [153] They believe that most of those are already in heaven, and that the "remnant" at Revelation 12:17 (KJV) refers to those remaining alive on earth who will be immediately resurrected to heaven when they die or during the Great Tribulation. Consequently, they refuse all ecumenical relations with other religious denominations. JW.org explains, "[W]e take Jesus at his word when he said: 'The Father is greater than I am.' Now, try the right place. Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. [68][69], The entire Protestant canon of scripture is seen as the inspired, inerrant word of God. Witnesses believe that they are living in the last days, and they look forward to the imminent establishment of Gods kingdom on earth, which will be headed by Christ and jointly administered by 144,000 human corulers (Revelation 7:4). After the war the Witnesses brought several suits in American courts dealing with their beliefs and practices, resulting in 59 Supreme Court rulings that were regarded as major judgments on the free exercise of religion. Before this translation was released specifically by and for Jehovah's Witnesses, most relied on the King James Version. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your device and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. [214][215] Because evangelistic activities take priority over educational success, young Witnesses rarely progress to college or university,[216] which Holden describes as a source of regret in subsequent years among those who are raised in the organization and later choose to leave. [5] JWs believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, "the firstborn of all . This is an erroneous belief because Jesus was physically resurrected from the grave. Why Do Cults Use God Falsely in Their Mission? Those who acknowledge Jehovah in this life will become members of the millennial kingdom; those who reject him will not go to hell but will face total extinction. [31] However, the Governing Body disclaims infallibility and divine inspiration. 10 Things Everyone Should Know about Jehovah's Witnesses and Their Beliefs. Attend other church services or worship, or sing any other religious songs. Photo Credit: iStock/Getty Images Plus/Tero Vesalainen. Because Jehovah's Witnesses is the only true religion, anyone not part of this society is just another cog in Satan's scheme. [128] The kingdom is said to have been the focus of Jesus' ministry. They believe that Jesus can be called a deity or a god, but only in the sense that an angel can be thus called. [155][156], Members who claim to be anointed are not given special treatment by other congregation members. Jehovahs Witnesses do not believe Jesus is God, which means that they do not place faith in Christ as their Savior and Lord. [161][162] Those destroyed at Armageddon and other specific judgments by God are not resurrected. [138], Witnesses teach that wicked angels (demons) sometimes pretend to be spirits of the dead, and that their deception is the basis for many beliefs about ghosts. As believers, we need to help them know the truth of Jesus and the gospel. Sylviane is a relationship coach for women . ( Psalm 83:18; Revelation 4: 11) He is the God of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Looking for an old soul like myself. [197] Individuals who choose to publicly repudiate their association to the organization and renounce their place in the congregation are considered disassociated. Jehovah's Witnesses truly believe that they are the one and only true religion and that their leaders are directly appointed by God and should be obeyed as such. Many people are curious about who Jehovahs Witnesses are. This date is said to also mark when the Last Days began. Jehovah's Witnesses cite the Old and New Testaments as the Biblical basis for refusing transfusions. [202], Jehovah's Witnesses regard secular education as fundamental, but they emphasize their preaching work as the top priority in their life. A Jehovah's Witness must become worthy of salvation. This violates the biblical teaching that in the incarnate Jesus, "the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily" (Col. 2:9; cf. The beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses are based on the Bible teachings of Charles Taze Russellfounder of the Bible Student movementand successive presidents of the Watch Tower Society, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, and Nathan Homer Knorr. [78][79] They view God as the Father, an invisible spirit "person" separate from the Son, Jesus Christ. Jehovahs Witnesses Denomination Overview, Christian Reformed Church Beliefs and Practices, M.A., English Composition, Illinois State University, B.S., English Literature, Illinois State University. (Matthew 5:9; Isaiah 2:4) We respect the government where we live and obey its laws as long as these do not call on us to disobey Gods laws.Matthew 22:21; Acts 5:29. Jehovah's Witnesses are wrong because Jesus is God. United Methodist Church: History & Beliefs
This, of course, is a major diversion from orthodox Christianity. Our conduct. Lutheran History & Beliefs. Jesus died on an upright stake and not the cross [94] While on earth, Jesus was executed as a sacrifice to atone for mankind's sins, becoming the "eternal father" to the human family. [56], Disagreement with the Watch Tower Society's concept of God's organization, figured prominently in events that led to a 1980 purge of high-level members at the group's Brooklyn headquarters. Know this: The beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses must be accepted and followed by each and every member. We believe that the Bible gives solid reasons for following this course," states JW.org. [159] Those of the "other sheep" who die faithful to God will receive the "resurrection of the righteous" ("just" KJV) mentioned at Acts 24:15. Like the Quakers, another Christian religious group, they are conscientious objectors regarding military. We worship the one true and Almighty God, the Creator, whose name is Jehovah. The Witnesses understand Jesus' words at John 3:3"except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God"to apply to the 144,000 who are "born again" as "anointed" sons of God in heaven. Jehovahs Witnesses try to claim that they are Christians, but they are not. (Exodus 15:8, 10) A craftsmans hands cannot function independent of his mind and body; likewise, Gods holy spirit operates only as he directs it. Presbyterians: History & Beliefs
This is a real government in heaven, not a condition in the hearts of Christians. Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in Hell but do believe in Heaven. For activities and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, see, Testimony by Fred Franz, Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954. p. 123, as reproduced in R.Franz. They believe that all intelligent creatures are endowed with free will, and that salvation is dependent on God's "undeserved kindness", but also requires faith in God and in the "ransom sacrifice" of Jesus Christ,[142] demonstrated by "zealous" preaching activity. [92] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Archangel Michael, "the Word" of John 1:1, and wisdom personified in Proverbs 8 refer to Jesus in his pre-human existence and that he resumed these identities after his ascension to heaven following his death and resurrection. [86][89], Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's "only-begotten Son", and that his life began in heaven. "Jehovahs Witnesses remain politically neutral for religious reasons, based on what the Bible teaches. Why? As previously mentioned, Jehovahs Witnesses have a false view of the Holy Spirit. See the next couple points for more details on this. [160] Those who die without faithfully serving God will receive the "resurrection of the unrighteous" ("unjust" KJV). Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative[13] and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class",[14][15][16][17] a limited number of "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses. Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. (Matthew 28:19, 20; John 3:16; Acts 3:19, 20) A persons works prove that his faith is alive. [187][188] This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. Jesus served as a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of all humankind. Jehovah's Witnesses. While all members are considered ministers, an elder or overseer conducts services and usually gives a sermon on a Bible topic. [93] His birth on earth was accomplished when he willingly allowed himself to be transferred, by God, from heaven to the womb of the virgin, Mary. Jesus Christ is God's agent, through whom sinful humans can be reconciled to God. The Lord declared Himself to be God through His seven "I AM" statements ( John 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15). [119][120] Watch Tower Society publications attempt to refute the theory of evolution, in favor of divine creation. Photo courtesy: Thinkstock/luchschen, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is not equal with God. Rather than placing faith in Jesus for salvation, Jehovahs Witnesses believe you have to work for salvation by doing good deeds, being involved with Kingdom Hall, and obeying the rules of Kingdom Hall. It is important that as a future healthcare provider, you have some background knowledge about the medical beliefs among prominent religions in the United States in the likely event that one of your future patients follows them. and Why does God allow suffering? Discuss a Bible question, or learn more about Jehovahs Witnesses. Learn Religions. Jehovah's Witnesses started in 1870 when a man named Charles Taze Russell led Bible studies in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is not an impersonal force. The Witnesses teachings stress strict separation from secular government. They wish to share the literature with the people and will then offer to bring a Bible study to their home. Promotion of personal doctrinal views that deviate from official teachings is also regarded as apostasy. [62], Witnesses believe that after the death of the apostles, the Church embarked on a "Great Apostasy", diverging from the original teachings of Jesus on several major points. They believe and teach that Jesus was then recreated by the Father in spirit form, and before going to heaven . (Matthew 20:28; Acts 5:31) Thus, we are Christians. God. All rights reserved. I'm laid back and get along with everyone. Zavada, Jack. This contradicts Scripture, which declares salvation to be received by grace through faith ( John 3:16; Ephesians 2:8-9; Titus 3:5 ). 10 Things Everyone Should Know about Seventh-Day Adventists and Their Beliefs, 10 Things Everyone Should Know about Mennonites and Their Beliefs, 10 Things Everyone Should Know about Baptists. The terms "little flock" and "other sheep" are drawn from Luke 12:32 and John 10:16 respectively. Jehovah's Witnesses believe Christianity died soon after Christ, but was resurrected under Russell. [195] Watch Tower publications define three different types of defection. 1. Work is carried out throughout the world by more than eight million Witnesses. (John 14:28) So we do not worship Jesus, as we do not believe that he is Almighty God." [90] He is described as God's first creation and the "exact representation of God",[91] but is believed to be a separate entity and not part of a Trinity. Zavada, Jack. They think the Holy Spirit is an "impersonal force" and not actually God and Lord Himself. Share any teaching or belief that is contrary to what Jehovah's Witnesses are taught. Rather than believing Jesus was physically resurrected from the dead, Jehovahs Witnesses believe Jesus was only spiritually resurrected. Sierra leone family of jehovah's witnesses dating network for true faith to use your phone. [136] They reason that complete destruction does not allow for literal "torture" of the wicked, as the deceased person is not conscious. Earth. Be in any employment that "makes one an accomplice, or a promoter" of any other church or religion. People who die pass out of existence. [205] Apostates are described as proud, independent, ungrateful and presumptuous,[204] mentally diseased,[206][207] displaying jealousy, fits of anger and other unchristian conduct and are said to often fall victim to drunken bouts, loose conduct and fornication. [38][39][40][41] Members who promote privately developed teachings contrary to those of the Governing Body may be expelled and shunned. Audio download options [167][168] They believe that when Jesus became king, Satan was ousted from heaven to the earth, bringing a period of "woe" to mankind. (1Corinthians 1:10) We also work hard to have no social, ethnic, racial, or class divisions. [95], They believe that after his death, Jesus appeared to his disciples, convinced them of his resurrection, and then ascended into heaven to sit at Jehovah's right hand until he would become the promised king of God's heavenly kingdom. The Bible teaches that if a person places faith in Christ, they are given forgiveness of sins, redemption, and eternal life. According to The Watchtower, "the Governing Body does not keep a list of all partakers, for it does not maintain a global network of anointed ones. Meditating on what we learn from the Bible.Psalm 77:12. Our unity. How Should 'Jihad' (Muslim Holy War) Be Understood Properly? At Armageddon, Satan is to be bound for 1,000 years, and then given a brief opportunity to mislead perfect humanity before being destroyed. Jesus Christ is Gods agent, through whom sinful humans can be reconciled to God. [15][21][22] At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only. The Bible is clear that salvation is only by grace through faith as Paul tells us, For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God not by works, so that no one can boast (Ephesians 2:8-9). Therefore, they promote moral and spiritual education over secular education. [163] Those of the "other sheep" who survive Armageddon without needing a resurrection, are referred to as the "great crowd". (The secularly accepted date for the fall of Jerusalem is within a year of 587 BCE; exiles were taken in various years, with most Jews exiled to Babylon following the siege of Jerusalem of 597 BCE.) (Acts 15:20) Likewise, the Bible prohibits health treatments or procedures that include occult practices.Galatians 5:19-21," explains JW.org. Only God in the flesh could do all these things. Jesus also proved Himself to be God through His many signs and wonders. Each Witness makes decisions in harmony with his or her own Bible-trained conscience.Romans 14:1-4; Hebrews 5:14. Brooklyn, NY: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, 1993. This is wrong because the Holy Spirit is God, and He is divine. In addition to denying the divinity of Jesus, Jehovahs Witnesses also deny the Trinity. Photo courtesy: Thinkstock/kevinschreiber, Similar to their view of Jesus, Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe the Holy Spirit is equal with the Father. The Lord also ate food multiple times after His resurrection, which proved His body was physically resurrected (Luke 24:30; John 21-12-13). [134] Gehenna, the Bible word commonly translated as "hellfire", is said to describe a judgment of complete destruction,[135] from which resurrection is not possible. [70] Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable[71] and interpret much of it literally, while also accepting it contains much symbolism. [101], The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society used the Cross and Crown symbol on tombstones, and on its publications until 1931. Why Are There So Many Christian Interpretations? They believe having faith in Jesus means believing in Him, but they do not see Him as being sufficient to give them salvation. Only those thought to be among the 144,000 corulers eat and drink the bread and wine. Jehovah's Witnesses are a people of faith that many of us likely don't know that much about. They teach that Jesus was created by God and not coexistent wth Him. [201] Other identifying behavior is said to include deviation from the truth, twisted, empty speech, hypocrisy and involvement in deeper forms of ungodliness. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 persons since the time of Jesus can ever go to heaven, there to be co-rulers with Christ Jesus over the inhabitants of a paradise earth. Jehovah's Witnesses try to remain politically neutral. This cannot be answered with a brief comment. 2. [174][175] They believe that their preaching is also part of that sign, citing Matthew 24:14. All rights reserved. Although they allegedly started dating site, professionally done dating then called a data-gathering. Jesus was not only a spirit when He was resurrected. Matthew 28:19-20 says, Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. They also believe that the soul dies when the body dies and must wait until the resurrection before Jehovah "remembers" the personality of the deceased and . However, to deviate from the beliefs would be to position oneself in a light of apostasy. They teach that Jesus was created by God and not coexistent wth Him. The issue is said to be whether God can rightfully claim to be sovereign of the universe. When Taze began disputing some of the traditional views within Christianity, the Jehovah's Witnesses were born. They urge young Witnesses to pursue higher education only to gain skills to obtain a reasonable living while maintaining flexibility to pursue their "true" vocation, serving God. [198] Individuals who commit serious sins and are unrepentant are considered disfellowshipped. Jehovahs Witnesses believe that if someone dies who is not a Jehovahs Witness that they will be annihilated. They believe Jesus died for humankind's sins, however they do not believe that he was physically resurrected after his crucification. One who has been baptized as a JW and is still loyal to the organization. Each congregation has an assigned territory and each Witness a particular neighbourhood to canvass. Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Muslims and others say Jesus was merely a human prophet, an angel, or some other created being. What Do Jehovahs Witnesses Believe? Hell is a real place. Ex . Jack Zavada is a writer who covers the Bible, theology, and other Christianity topics. While we accept the entire Bible, we are not fundamentalists. Ephesians 4:30 urges us not to grieve the Holy Spirit, which demonstrates that the Holy Spirit has emotions. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that it is the Christian's duty to remain "neutral" during warfare. However, Penton also notes that avoidance of "demonistic practices" has released many people in Africa and Latin America from fear of spirits. Evil and suffering. Answer (1 of 6): Three questions here. Explore the various characteristics of different denominations from our list below! The Father, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are God. The Kingdom of God. [103] According to the Watch Tower society, some Jehovah's Witnesses have been persecuted or killed for not venerating a cross. [196] They believe the congregation must "maintain God's favor in order to be used by him and to represent him" or else the whole congregation would lose God's approval. The rest will live forever in a paradise on Earth, never meeting the person who died for them - Jesus Christ. [97][98][99] Even as king of God's kingdom, Jesus remains subordinate to God. https://www.learnreligions.com/jehovahs-witnesses-beliefs-700792 (accessed March 4, 2023). They only see Jehovah as the true mighty God, not Jesus or the Holy Spirit. For example, we dont accept blood transfusions because the Bible forbids taking in blood to sustain the body. The result is that you look like an asshole every time someone sneezes as you just sit there staring at them blankly. Our worship. Ex-Jehovah witness religion or personals for ex-jehovah's witnesses - is, and. Jehovahs Witnesses are a very dangerous culture that nobody needs to be involved in. Our organization. [105][109] Witnesses believe that Satan and his demons influence individuals, organizations and nations, and that they are the cause of human suffering. If any Jehovah's Witness is deemed to be an apostate, she or he will be disfellowshipped. Marriage is considered a holy covenant, and divorce is disapproved of except in cases of adultery. How Is Harry Potter a Literary Christ Figure? Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. [77] Witnesses reject the Trinity doctrine, which they consider unscriptural. Witnesses - knowing what /r/exjw is the group reports a good. [201] Apostate behavior is said to include the rejection of biblical teachings or requirements, the rejection of Jehovah's organization, association with or support for another religious group[202] and celebration of religious holidays. These practices have brought them under the scrutiny of government authorities. Looking for jehovah's witnesses in which is a guy for true love in the right. They consider the cross to be of pagan origins and an object of idol worship. [77][85] The use of his personal name is regarded as vital for true worship,[86] and Witnesses usually preface the term God with the name Jehovah. ", "The Pessimistic Sect's Influence on the Mental Health of Its Members", "War of Words Breaks Out Among Jehovah's Witnesses", "The Educational Identity Formation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Religion & Education", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs&oldid=1141650652, Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 03:23.
Royd Tolkien Wife,
Advantages Of Microscope,
Banana Stem Fiber As An Eco Bag,
Willis Reed Tunnel Game,
Articles J